متن انگلیسی زیر جهت ترجمه در کلاس زبان تخصصی ۱ برای تاریخ سه شنبه ۲۶ آذر انتخاب شده است.
Conceptual definitions
In the process of writing hypotheses, predictions and research questions, each variable must be carefully defined. This dictionary type definition is called the conceptual definition of the variable. A conceptual definition is a declaration by the researcher as to exactly what he or she wished to study. Composing conceptual definitions forces the researcher to think critically about the nature of his or her study. Each conceptual definition is a guide to the subsequent measurement of that variable, the operationalization. The conceptual definition and the operationalization need to match; this matching is what many call internal validity. In a scholarly content analysis, the variables should be linked in the form of research question or hypotheses.
Agenda setting
The term agenda setting was coined by Maxwell Mc Combs and Donald Shaw in their study of media coverage and voters attitudes in 1968 US presidential election campaign. On the basis of this and similar studies, it is argued that, although the media are not be able to tell us what to think, they have an influence on what we think about. Maxwell Mc Combs and Donald Shaw articulated their interpretation of agenda setting: “in choosing and displaying news, editors, newsroom staff, and broadcasters play an important part in shaping political reality. Readers learn not only about a given issue, but how much importance to attach to that issue from the amount of information in a news story and its position. The mass may well determine the important issues …
Credibility of information and data gathering from the Internet and the World Wide Web
The Internet and in particular the World Wide Web, affords a global platform to any one who has access to the technology. According to the Newspaper Association of America s “fact about Newspapers”, there are more than 750 North American daily newspapers that have lunched online services. Worldwide there are more than 2800 daily, weekly and other newspapers online, and more than 75 percent of the daily newspapers on the Web have circulations under 50000. The number of newspaper archives on the Web is estimated to be much smaller, but it is growing. Media organizations have a tradition of careful fact checking and editing, but they are not without problems in accuracy and credibility of what they publish and broadcast. Individuals or groups engaged in cyber publishing may or may not have this tradition or commitment to high standards of accuracy. Therefore, on the internet, universal trust and acceptance of the reliability of information found there, is not only unwise, but it may be dangerous as well. The Internet user is wary of all information and data presented and makes the efforts and acquires the skills to become an astute evaluator of information quality.
How journalists and librarians can work together in the information age
Many journalists do not have the time or inclination to do in-depth Internet and database research but they will carry out quick basic searches. Librarians are skilled at interpreting the information. It is likely that many journalists do not want to be overwhelmed with the huge range of information sources available. Librarians are good at editing the information overload, pushing only what is required towards the journalist. Good journalists have highly developed powers of persuasion when dealing with people, and an eye for a good story. Librarians can provide background to a straight news story. In the future, news will continue to be increasingly analytical as different media for broadcasting continue to be developed. News online such as that found on the BBC s online site is deeper and provides more background analysis to a news story that can be found either in newspapers, or on television and radio news. Librarians are needed to provide that background and to help to organize archive news Websites.
